Hi  florenz,
You can simply acheive with the help of jquery refer below code and change it according to your need
jQuery
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
    $(function () {
        if ($('[id*=checkboxID]').is(':checked')) {
            $('[id*=textboxID]').attr('disabled', true); //  $('[id*=textboxID]').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
        }
    });
    //or if you want to achieve it on some event like below its for button click event
    $(function () {
        $('[id*=buttonID]').click(function () {
            if ($('[id*=checkboxID]').is(':checked')) {
                $('[id*=textboxID]').attr('disabled', true); // $('[id*=textboxID]').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
            }
            else {
                $('[id*=textboxID]').attr('disabled', false); // or $('[id*=textboxID]').attr('enabled', enabled);
            }
            return false;
        });
    });
</script>